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Agenesis - The failure of an organ to develop during embryonic growth and development. Many forms of agenesis are referred to by individual names, depending on the organ affected. Absence, failure of formation, or imperfect development of any part.[1]

Angioplasty - the technique of mechanically widening a narrowed or obstructed blood vessel; typically as a result of atherosclerosis. An empty and collapsed balloon on a guide wire, known as a balloon catheter, is passed into the narrowed locations and then inflated to a fixed size using water pressures some 75 to 500 times normal blood pressure (6 to 20 atmospheres). The balloon crushes the fatty deposits, so opening up the blood vessel to improved flow, and the balloon is then collapsed and withdrawn. The word is composed of the medical combining forms of the Greek words αγγειος aggeîos meaning "vessel" and πλαστός plastós meaning "formed" or "moulded". Angioplasty has come to include all manner of vascular interventions typically performed in a minimally invasive or percutaneous method. [18]

Annulus - (stenosis - plural: stenoses; from Ancient Greek στένωσις, "narrowing") an abnormal narrowing in a blood vessel or other tubular organ or structure. It is also sometimes called a stricture. [2] A ring, a circular or ring shaped structure, as in a ring shaped stricture of a vein

Atresia - A condition in which a body orifice or passage in the body is abnormally closed or absent. Absence of a normal opening or failure of a structure to be tubular. Atresia can affect many structures in the body [3]

Azygos Vein - Located along the right side of the thoracic vertebral column it carries deoxygenated blood from areas of the chest and abdomen to the heart. Unlike most veins and arteries, it does not have a corresponding vein on the left side of the body, thus explaining its name, which means "unpaired" in Greek.
If the thoracic and cervical veins become compromised so that they do not function as well as they should it is referred to as chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI), which can lead to decreased brain function as well as stenosis, or abnormal narrowing, of the azygos vein. Overall narrowing or blocking of the veins that drain the upper body causes deoxygenated blood to pool in the brain, causing edema, and it slows the delivery of oxygenated blood back to the brain, depriving the brain of much-needed oxygen. [4] [5] Note - This vein showed restriction / blockage in 86% of MS patients tested by Dr Zamboni.

CCSVI - Chronic Cerebrospinal Venous Insufficiency - A condition where deoxygenated blood-flow from the veins surrounding the brain and spine is slowed or blocked in its return to the heart. This condition arises from blockage in the internal jugular and/or azygos veins.
Note - Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) - where the veins cannot pump enough oxygen-poor blood back to the heart is a medical term referring to blockage in return of blood from the legs to the heart. [6] There is substantial anatomical and functional continuity between the veins, venous sinuses, and venous plexuses of the brain and the spine and the term "Cerebrospinal Venous System" (CSVS) is proposed to emphasize this continuity. [7] Chronic Venous Insufficiency + Cerebrospinal = Chronic Cerebrospinal Venous Insufficency.

Endovascular Procedure (inside blood vessels) - A form of minimally invasive surgery that was designed to access many regions of the body via major blood vessels, endovascular techniques were originally designed for diagnostic purposes. Basic techniques involve the introduction of a catheter percutaneously or through the skin, into a large blood vessel. Typically the blood vessel chosen is the femoral artery or vein found near the groin.

In recent years, however, the development of intravascular balloons, stents and coils have allowed for new therapies as alternatives to traditional surgeries such as Coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG), carotid endarterectomy and aneurysm clipping. Stents and coils are composed of fine wire materials such as platinum, that can be inserted through a thin catheter and expanded into a predetermined shape once they are guided into place. [7]

Note - Endovascular surgery is performed by radiologists, neurologists, neurosurgeons, cardiologists, and vascular surgeons.

Internal Jugular Veins - Collect blood from the brain, the outside of the face and the neck. They run down the inside of the neck -outside the internal and common carotid arteries and unite with the subclavian vein to form the innominate vein. [8] Note - Dr. Zamboni found stenosis here in 91% of the MS patients he tested.

Interventional Radiologist - Radiologists create images using different methods and then interpret those images to aid with diagnosis. There are many specialties of radiology. Radiologists use X-rays, magnetic fields, radioactive isotopes and sound waves to create their images. Some radiologists specialize in using certain imaging techniques, while others specialize in certain conditions and use different imaging to help diagnose or treat those conditions. [9] Interventional radiology is a subspecialty of radiology in which minimally invasive procedures are performed using image guidance. Some of these procedures are done for purely diagnostic purposes while others are done for treatment purposes (e.g., stent placement). Pictures are used to direct these procedures, which are usually done with needles or other tiny instruments like small tubes called catheters. The images provide road maps that allow the Interventional Radiologist to guide these instruments through the body to the areas of interest. [10]

Magnetic Resonance Venography - It is an MRI studies of the blood vessels. MRVs are used to assess abnormalities in the blood vessels of patients with a history of stroke, aneurysm, heart disease, and atherosclerotic vascular disease.The type of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) used to visualize veins. The MRV uses the same machine as an MRI, but a special computer software allows it to only extract generated-by-blood images, as it flows through the veins. These images give doctors a rough idea of whether blood flow through a vein of interest is affected by blood clots or other disease processes. [11]

Patency - The degree of openness of a tube, such as a blood vessel or catheter; the relative absence of blockage. Measured in percent. [12]
Reflux - An abnormal backward flow of body fluids. [13]
Septum - A thin wall dividing two cavities or masses of softer tissue. [14]
Stenosis - literally means “narrowing.” A blockage in veins caused by an abnormal narrowing of the vein itself. [2]
Stent - An artificial 'tube' inserted into a natural passage/conduit in the body to prevent, or counteract, a disease-induced, localized flow constriction. The term may also refer to a tube used to temporarily hold such a natural conduit open to allow access for surgery. [15]
Vein - In the circulatory system, veins (from the Latin vena) are blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart. Most veins carry deoxygenated blood from the tissues back to the lungs; exceptions are the pulmonary and umbilical veins, both of which carry oxygenated blood. Veins differ from arteries in structure and function. [16]
Venography (also called phlebography) - a procedure in which an x-ray of the veins, a venogram, is taken after a special dye is injected into the bone marrow or veins. It is the Gold standard for diagnosing acute deep venous thrombosis and chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency although its use has been largely supplanted by the less invasive duplex ultrasonography. [17]